A yield curve is a visual representation of interest rates on the US Treasuries.[1]US Treasury Interest Rates. US Treasuries are interest rates that show what interest would be paid by the United States Treasury based upon the yield for the period of time the United States borrows money. The yield curve is merely a graphic representation for yields over various periods of time. In a normal curve, because of future risk, yields tend to gradually increase for timeframes beyond the current period. But, these increases are based upon current knowledge of the economy and the future expectations for the economy.
Breaking down the yield curve and watching the yield curve during a specified period of time would show what expectations the market believes the economy will perform at in the future. Understanding future expectations based on moves by the Federal Reserve would give an investor the idea of what to expect for the stock market in the future.
What is the Yield Curve?
The first thing to understand is: What is the yield curve. It is a visual representation of yields on the same quality of debt instruments over many different maturity dates. The United States Treasury reports its daily yields for the various maturities. The information in these charts are from the Treasury Yield data.
In the above chart you can see the maturities for all of the various dates over the course of time. This is from 06/23/2006. This is the last “normalized” yield curve the US economy has experienced in many years.
The above chart is in bar format. During the 1970s, financial professionals realized you could convert this into a line chart. And, after doing that, the financial professionals found the visual was easy to interpret.
The above line chart is the exact same chart at the above bar chart. From a visual standpoint, examining the yield curve using a line chart allows for easier interpretation.
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The 10-2 Spread
There is an often viewed spread differential between the 10-year yield and the 2-year yield for the yield curve. Normally, this spread is positive. But, at times the spread will be negative. This is because the market believes that the Federal Reserve will have to lower interest rates in the future. This negative spread will show up in the 10-2 spread.
Given current information about the future economy, if the market expects that the economy will continue to improve over a period of time, interest rates tend to be higher out in the future based upon the idea of unknown risks.
For instance, the current Federal Funds interest rate would be appropriate for any one period of time. If the Federal Reserve is not expected to increase nor decrease interest rates because of an economy in complete equilibrium, then the only unknown variables over time would be incorporated into the analysis.
What is an inverted Yield Curve?
As mentioned, an inverted yield curve would have interest rates that are lower in more distant maturities versus near-term maturities.
The above yield curve, just 2 months after the previous normalized yield curve, was a signal of financial change was imminent. In this case, the inverted yield curve was detailing the housing crisis was looming.
In the case of the 2008 housing crisis, mortgage holders were starting to feel the strains of the balloon mortgage rates. Because of this, longer-dated interest rates began to fall. This is owed to the fact that long-term bond issuers were taking on less risk. As there was less supply, prices rose for what supply existed. The inverse relationship between price and yield for interest rates drove prices upward and yield on longer end maturities began moving lower.
What does an Inverted Yield Curve Tell Investors?
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If you can glean from the interest rates that bond issuers are not supplying as much debt, and subsequently there is a push upward in price of what debt is being issued, the visual representation of the yield curve will show the longer maturity dates are dropping relative to shorter-dated debt instruments.
An investor would want to understand what is happening in the longer dated maturities and ask the question why debt issuers are not offering more debt; why these debt issuers are taking on less risk.
If, in fact, the yield curve is showing that there is a significant shift in risk appetite, a recession may be looming. And, investors would need to be cautious in the future.
References
| ↑1 | US Treasury Interest Rates |
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